Technotes for Sankar & Kanmani

Solaris cool command line notes

technotes — Mon, 31 Dec 2007 03:43:32 +0000

16. cat -v -t -e [file]
/* Show non-printing characters */ 2006-06-20
17. dumpadm -d swap
/* Configure swap device as dump device */ 2005-02-16
18. ld -l /* Check if you have a particular library */ 2005-03-30
19. truss -f -p /* Using multiple windows, this can be used to trace setuid/setgid programs */ 2005-03-22
20. truss executable
/* Trace doing of given command ( useful debugging ) */ 2005-03-22
Back to topDisk Commands
21. /bin/mount -F hsfs -o ro /dev/sr0 /cdrom
/* Mount an ISO 9660 CDROM */ 2005-03-22
22. /usr/bin/iostat -E
/* Command to display drives statistics */ 2005-03-22
23. du -ad /var | sort -nr
/* Report the the disk used in /var in reverse order */ 2005-03-22
24. du -k .
/* Report disk usage in Kilobytes */ 2005-03-22
25. du -sk * | sort -nr | head
/* Shows the top ten largest files/directories */ 2005-01-19
26. du -sk *|sort -k1,1n
/* Reports total disk space used in Kilobytes in present directory */ 2005-03-22
27. du -sk .
/* Report total disk usage in Kilobytes */ 2005-03-22
28. fdformat -d -U
/* Format diskette */ 2005-03-22
29. newfs -Nv /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s1
/* To view the superfblocks available */ 2005-03-22
30. One-liner to copy a partition table
/* prtvtoc /dev/dsk/c1t2d0s2 | fmthard -s - /dev/rdsk/c1t3d0s2 */ 2007-05-30
31. prtvtoc /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s2
/* Disk geometry and partitioning info */ 2005-03-22
32. prtvtoc /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s2 | fmthard -s - /dev/rdsk/c0t1d0s2
/* Copy partition table from one disk to another */ 2005-12-16
33. quot -af
/* How much space is used by users in kilobytes */ 2005-03-22
34. volrmmount -i floppy
/* Mount a floppy or other media easily by its nickname. */ 2005-08-03
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Driver Parameters
35. ndd /dev/ip ip_forwarding
/* Show the ip_forwarding variable in the kernel */ 2005-03-22
36. ndd /dev/ip ip_forwarding 1
/* Set the ip_forwarding variable in the kernel */ 2005-03-22
37. ndd /dev/ip \?
/* Show all IP variables set in the kernel */ 2005-03-22
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File Manipulation
38. dos2unix | -ascii
/* Converts DOS file formats to Unix */ 2005-03-22
39. fold -w 180
/* To break lines to have maximum char */ 2005-07-26
40. split [-linecount] [file]
/* Split files into pieces */ 2005-03-22
41. [vi] : %s/existing/new/g
/* Search and Replace text in vi */ 2005-03-22
42. [vi] :set list
/* Show non-printing characters in vi */ 2006-04-10
43. [vi] :set nu
/* Set line numbers in vi */ 2005-03-22
44. [vi] :set ts=[num]
/* Set tab stops in vi */ 2005-03-22
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File System
45. /sbin/uadmin x x
/* Syncs File Systems and Reboots systems fast */ 2005-03-22
46. awk ‘ END {print NR}’ file_name
/* Display the Number of lines in a file */ 2005-08-03
47. cat /dev/null > filename
/* Zero’s out the file without breaking pipe */ 2005-03-22
48. dd if=/dev/rdsk/… of=/dev/rdsk/… bs=4096
/* Make a mirror image of your boot disk */ 2005-03-22
49. df -k | grep dg| awk ‘{print $6}’ |xargs -n 1 umount
/* Unmount all file systems in disk group dg */ 2005-03-22
50. fsck -F ufs -o b=97472 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
/* Check and repair a UFS filesystem on c0t0d0s0, using an alternate superblock */ 2005-03-22
51. fsck -F ufs -y /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
/* Check a UFS filesystem on c0t0d0s0, repair any problems without prompting. */ 2005-03-22
52. fsck -F ufs /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
/* Check a UFS filesystem on c0t0d0s0 */ 2005-03-22
53. gzip -d -c tarball.tgz | (cd /[dir];tar xf - ) &
/* Unpacking tarballs to diff location */ 2005-03-22
54. gzip -dc file1.tar.gz | tar xf -
/* Unpack .tar.gz files in place */ 2005-03-22
55. ln [-fhns]
/* Creating hard links and soft links */ 2005-03-22
56. ls -al | awk ‘$3 == “oracle” || $3 == “root” {print $9}’
/* List all file names by testing owner */ 2005-08-03
57. ls -l | sort +4n
/* List files by size */ 2005-08-09
58. ls -la | awk ‘{ print $5,” “,$9 }’ | sort -rn
/* File sizes of current directory */ 2005-03-22
59. ls -lR | awk ‘{total +=$5};END {print “Total size: ” total/1024/1024 “MB” }’
/* Recursive directory size calculations in MB */ 2005-08-03
60. mkisofs -l -L -r -o [image-name].iso [directory]
/* Create an ISO image of a directory */ 2006-03-06
61. mount -F ufs -o rw,remount /
/* Used to remount root to make it writeable */ 2005-03-22
62. mount -o remount,logging /spare
/* Re-mount the ro file system rw and turn on ufs logging */ 2005-03-22
63. mount DOS fdisk partition from Solaris
/* mount -f pcfs /dev/dsk/c0d0p1 /export/dos */ 2005-03-22
64. mv [filename]{,.new_suffix}
/* Renaming file */ 2006-06-20
65. pax -rw . /newdir
/* Efficient alternative for copying directories */ 2005-03-22
66. prtvtoc /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s2 | fmthard -s - /dev/rdsk/c0t1d0s2
/* Cloning Partitiontables */ 2005-03-22
67. rpm -q –queryformat ‘%{INSTALLPREFIX}\n’ [packagename]
/* [Linux] Locate binaries */ 2005-08-16
68. tar cf - . | (cd /newdir ; tar xf -)
/* Recursively copy files and their permissions */ 2005-03-22
69. tar cvf filename.tar
/* Create a tape (tar) archive */ 2005-03-22
70. tar xvf filename.tar
/* Extract a tape (tar) archive */ 2005-03-22
71. X=$(wc -l < filename); echo $X
/* Count number of lines in a file into a variable (ksh) */ 2005-02-06
72. zcat /* Extract the patch_file that is a compressed tar file */ 2005-03-22
73. zcat [cpio file] | cpio -itmv
/* Show the contents of a compressed cpio */ 2005-08-17
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File Transfer
74. find . -depth | cpio -pdmv /path/tobe/copied/to
/* Fast alternative to cp -pr */ 2005-03-22
75. find . -follow | cpio -pdumL /path/tobe/copied/to
/* Copy with symbolic links to be followed */ 2006-02-16
76. get filename.suffix |"tar xf -"
/* Undocumented Feature of FTP */ 2005-03-22
77. Move any file(s) without actually touching them
/* ssh cd /some/directory \&\& tar cf - | ssh cd /some/direstory \&\& tar xvf - */ 2005-12-01
78. put "| tar cf - ." filename.tar
/* Undocumented Feature of FTP */ 2005-03-22
79. sendport
/* FTP command for transferring large numbers of files within the same control session */ 2005-03-22
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General
80. /bin/printf '%d\n' '0x‘
/* Converts hexadecimal number to decimal. */ 2005-03-30
81. /usr/bin/catman -w
/* Create windex databases for man page directories */ 2005-03-22
82. echo ‘obase=16;255′ | bc
/* Simple way to convert decimal to hex */ 2007-01-31
83. FQ_FILENAME=; echo ${FQ_FILENAME%/*}
/* Extract directory from fully-qualified file name. */ 2005-03-22
84. mailx -H -u
/* List out mail headers for specified user */ 2005-03-22
85. ps -ef | grep -i $@
/* Access common commands quicker */ 2006-02-16
86. set filec
/* Set file-completion for csh */ 2005-03-22
87. uuencode [filename] [filename] | mailx -s “Subject” [user to mail]
/* Send files as attachments */ 2005-03-22
88. xauth -f /home/${LOGNAME} extract - ${DISPLAY} | xauth merge -
/* Allow root to xdisplay after su */ 2006-09-12
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Hardware
89. cfgadm
/* Verify reconfigurable hardware resources */ 2005-03-22
90. m64config -depth 8|24
/* Sets the screen depth of your M64 graphics accelerator */ 2005-03-22
91. m64config -prconf
/* Print M64 hardware configuration */ 2005-03-22
92. m64config -res ‘video_mode’
/* Change the resolution of your M64 graphics accelerator */ 2005-03-22
93. prtpicl -v | grep sync-speed
/* Discover SCSI sync speed */ 2005-04-26
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Kernel
94. /usr/sbin/modinfo
/* Display kernel module information */ 2005-03-22
95. /usr/sbin/modload
/* Load a kernel module */ 2005-03-22
96. /usr/sbin/modunload -i
/* Unload a kernel module */ 2005-03-22
97. /usr/sbin/sysdef
/* Show system kernal tunable details */ 2005-03-22
98. nm -x /dev/ksyms | grep OBJ | more
/* Tuneable kernel parameters */ 2005-03-22
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Memory
99. pagesize -a
/* Available page sizes for Solaris 9 */ 2005-06-08
100. prtconf | grep Mem
/* Display Memory Size of the local machine. */ 2005-03-22
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Network Information
101. arp -a
/* Ethernet address arp table */ 2005-03-22
102. arp -d myhost
/* Delete an ethernet address arp table entry */ 2005-03-22
103. lsof -iTCP@10.20.2.9
/* Display open files for internet address */ 2006-04-03
104. named-xfer -z qantas.com.au -f /tmp/allip
/* Get All IP Addresses On A DNS Server */ 2007-02-21
105. ndd /dev/arp arp_cache_report
/* Prints ARP table in cache with IP and MAC address */ 2005-03-22
106. netstat -a | grep EST | wc -l
/* Displays number active established connections to the localhost */ 2005-03-22
107. netstat -a | more
/* Show the state of all the sockets on a machine */ 2005-03-22
108. netstat -i
/* Show the state of the interfaces used for TCP/IP traffice */ 2005-03-22
109. netstat -k hme0
/* Undocumented netstat command */ 2005-03-22
110. netstat -np
/* Similar to arp -a without name resolution */ 2005-03-22
111. netstat -r
/* Show the state of the network routing table for TCP/IP traffic */ 2005-03-22
112. netstat -rn
/* Displays routing information but bypasses hostname lookup. */ 2005-03-22
113. snoop -S -ta [machine]
/* Snoop for network packets and get size and time stamp entries. */ 2005-11-04
114. traceroute
/* Follow the route to the ipaddress */ 2005-03-22
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Network Tuning
115. /sbin/ifconfig hme0:1 inet 10.210.xx.xxx netmask 255.255.0.0 broadcast 10.210.xxx.xxx
/* Virtual Interfaces */ 2005-03-22
116. /sbin/ifconfig hme0:1 up
/* Bring virtual interface up */ 2005-03-22
117. /usr/sbin/ndd -set /dev/hme adv_100fdx_cap 1
/* Nailling to 100Mbps */ 2005-03-22
118. ifconfig eth0 10.1.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.255
/* Add an Interface */ 2005-03-22
119. ifconfig eth0 mtu 1500
/* Change MTU of interface */ 2005-03-22
120. ndd -set /dev/ip ip_addrs_per_if 1-8192
/* To set more than 256 virtual ip addresses. */ 2005-03-22
121. ndd -set /dev/tcp tcp_recv_hiwat 65535
/* Increase TCP-receivebuffers on Sol2.5.1 systems with 100BaseTx */ 2005-03-22
122. ndd -set /dev/tcp tcp_xmit_hiwat 65535
/* Increase TCP-transmitbuffers on Sol2.5.1 systems with 100BaseTx */ 2005-03-22
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Processes
123. /usr/proc/bin/ptree /* Print the parent/child process ‘tree’ of a process */ 2005-03-22
124. /usr/proc/bin/pwdx /* Print the working directory of a process */ 2005-03-22
125. /usr/ucb/ps -aux | more
/* Displays CPU % usage for each process in ascending order */ 2005-03-22
126. /usr/ucb/ps -auxww | grep /* Gives the full listing of the process (long listing) */ 2005-03-22
127. coreadm -i core.%f.%p
/* Append program name and process id to core file names */ 2007-04-11
128. fuser -uc /var
/* Processes that are running from /var */ 2005-03-22
129. ipcs
/* Report inter-process communication facilities status */ 2005-03-28
130. kill -HUP `ps -ef | grep [p]roccess | awk ‘{print $2}’`
/* HUP any related process in one step */ 2005-03-22
131. lsof -i TCP:25
/* Mapping port with process */ 2006-02-22
132. pfiles /* Shows processes’ current open files */ 2005-03-22
133. pkill -n
/* Kill a process by name */ 2005-03-22
134. prstat -a
/* An alternative for top command */ 2005-03-22
135. ps -edf -o pcpu,pid,user,args
/* Nicely formatted ‘ps’ */ 2006-03-06
136. ps -ef | grep -i | awk ‘{ print $2 }’
/* Creates list of running PID by */ 2005-03-22
137. ps -ef | grep -i | awk ‘{ print $2 }’
/* Creates list of running PID by */ 2005-03-22
138. ps -ef | grep | grep -v grep | cut -c 10-15 | xargs kill -9
/* Find and kill all instances of a given process */ 2005-12-01
139. ps -ef | more
/* Show all processes running */ 2005-03-22
140. ps -ef|grep -v “0:00″|more
/* Gives you a list of any process with CPU time more than 0:00 */ 2005-03-22
141. ps -eo pid,args
/* List processes in simplified format */ 2005-03-22
142. ps -fu oracle|grep pmon
/* See which instances of Oracle are running */ 2005-03-22
143. top -b 1
/* Returns the process utilizing the most cpu and quits */ 2005-03-22
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Resource Management
144. /usr/bin/ldd [filename]
/* List the dynamic dependencies of executable files */ 2005-03-22
145. /usr/proc/bin/pmap pid
/* Report address space map a process occupies */ 2005-03-22
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Route Configuration
146. route add net 128.50.0.0 128.50.1.6 1
/* Add a route to the routing table */ 2005-03-22
147. route change 128.50.0.0 128.50.1.5
/* Changes the destination address for a route */ 2005-03-22
148. route delete net 128.50.0.0 128.50.1.6
/* Delete a route from the routing table */ 2005-03-22
149. route flush
/* Flush the routing table, which will remove all entries */ 2005-03-22
150. route get [hostname]
/* Which interface will be used to contact hostname */ 2005-03-22
151. route monitor
/* Monitor routing table lookup misses and changes */ 2005-03-22
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Searching Items
152. egrep “patterna|patternb”
/* Search for multiple patterns within the same file */ 2005-03-22
153. find -name “” -exec rm -rf {} \;
/* Recursively finds files by name and automatically removes them */ 2005-03-22
154. find . -type f -print | xargs grep -i [PATTERN]
/* Recursive grep on files */ 2005-03-22
155. find . ! -mtime - | /usr/bin/xargs rm -rf
/* Finds and removes files older than specified */ 2005-03-22
156. find . -exec egrep -li “str” {} \;
/* Find a string in files starting cwd */ 2005-03-22
157. find . -mtime -1 -type f
/* Find recently modified files */ 2005-03-22
158. find . -type f -exec grep “” {} \; -print
/* Find files (and content) containing within directory tree */ 2005-03-22
159. find . -type f -exec grep -l “” {} \;
/* Find files (and content) containing within directory tree */ 2005-03-22
160. find ./ \! -type f -exec ls -l {} \;|grep -v ‘^[l|p|s|-]’|grep -v ‘total’ | wc -l
/* Find number of directories under the current directory */ 2005-02-06
161. find / -fstype nfs -prune -o fstype autofs -prune -o -name filename -print
/* find without traversing NFS mounted file systems */ 2005-03-22
162. find / -mtime <# of days>
/* Find files modified during the past # of days */ 2005-03-22
163. find / -perm -2 -a ! -type l
/* Find files writable by ‘others’ */ 2005-04-12
164. find / -type f |xargs ls -s | sort -rn |more
/* List files taking up the most system space */ 2005-07-26
165. find / -user
/* Find all files owned by */ 2005-03-22
166. find / | grep [file mask]
/* Fast way to search for files */ 2005-03-22
167. find /proc/*/fd -links 0 -type f -size +2000 -ls
/* Find large files moved or deleted and held open by a process */ 2005-03-22
168. grep /var/sadm/install/contents| awk ‘{ print $1 ‘ ‘ $10 }’
/* Find which package contains a particular file */ 2005-02-06
169. ls -lR | grep
/* Fast alternative to find. */ 2005-03-22
170. pkgchk -l -p /absolute/path/todir
/* Which package does this file belong to? */ 2007-02-21
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Security
171. crypt abc && rm abc.cr
/* Decrypting a file that has been encrypted */ 2005-12-01
172. crypt abc.cr && rm abc
/* File encryption with crypt */ 2005-12-01
173. echo ‘Please go away’ > /etc/nologin
/* Stops users logging in */ 2005-03-22
174. find / -perm -0777 -type d -ls
/* Find all your writable directories */ 2005-03-22
175. find / -type f -perm -2000 -print
/* Find all SGID files */ 2005-03-22
176. find / -type f -perm -4000 -print
/* find all SUID files */ 2005-03-22
177. getpwenc [encryption scheme] password
/* Genrate passwords for LDAP Using ‘getpwenc’ Utility */ 2007-06-05
178. trap ‘exit 0′ 1 2 3 9 15
/* Trap specific signals and exit */ 2005-02-06
179. vi -x [filename]
/* Encrypt a file with vi editor */ 2006-04-19
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Setting Term Options
180. stty erase ^?
/* Set the delete key to delete a character */ 2005-03-22
181. stty erase ^H
/* Set the backspace to delete a character */ 2005-03-22
182. stty sane
/* Reset terminal after viewing a binary file. */ 2005-03-22
183. tput rmacs
/* Reset to standard char set */ 2005-03-22
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Snoop
184. snoop -d pcelx0
/* Watch all the packets on a device */ 2005-03-22
185. snoop -i /tmp/mylog -o /tmp/newlog host1
/* Filter out all the host1 packets and write them to a new logfile */ 2005-03-22
186. snoop -i /tmp/mylog -v -p101
/* Show verbose info on packet number 101 in the logfile */ 2005-03-22
187. snoop -i /tmp/mylog host1 host2
/* View packets from a logfile between hosts1 and host2 */ 2005-03-22
188. snoop -o /tmp/mylog pcelx0
/* Save all the packets from a device to a logfile */ 2005-03-22
189. snoop -s 120
/* Return the first 120 bytes in the packet header */ 2005-03-22
190. snoop -v arp
/* Capture arp broadcasts on your network */ 2005-03-22
191. snoop port [port-number]
/* Monitor particular port for traffic */ 2006-04-10
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Swap Files
192. mkfile -nv 10m /export/disk1/myswap
/* Makes an empty 10 Megabyte swapfile in /export/disk */ 2005-03-22
193. mkfile -v 10m /export/disk1/myswap
/* Makes a 10 Megabyte swapfile in /export/disk */ 2005-03-22
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Swap Space
194. swap -a /export/disk1/swapfile
/* Add a swap file */ 2005-03-22
195. swap -d /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s4
/* Delete a swap device */ 2005-03-22
196. swap -l
/* List the current swap devices */ 2005-03-22
197. swap -s
/* List the amount of swap space available */ 2005-03-22
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System Configuration
198. /usr/sbin/eeprom auto-boot? false
/* Changes eeprom autoboot? setting without going to Ok prompt */ 2005-03-22
199. /usr/sbin/eeprom diag-switch? true
/* Set the system to perform diagnostics on the next reboot. */ 2005-03-22
200. /usr/sbin/eeprom local-mac-address?=true
/* Multiple Port Network Card Setting */ 2005-03-22
201. /usr/sbin/grpck
/* Check /etc/group file syntax */ 2005-03-22
202. /usr/sbin/pwck
/* Check /etc/passwd file syntax */ 2005-03-22
203. /usr/sbin/sys-unconfig
/* Clear host specific network configuration information */ 2005-03-22
204. /usr/sbin/useradd
/* Add a new user to the system */ 2005-10-13
205. drvconfig ; disks
/* Adding hot-plug disks to system */ 2005-03-22
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System Information/Monitoring
206. /bin/echo “0t${stamp}>Y\n /* Convert UNIX timestamp to something human-readable */ 2005-03-22
207. /usr/sbin/eeprom
/* Show eeprom parameters */ 2005-03-22
208. /usr/sbin/prtconf -vp
/* Show system configuration details */ 2005-03-22
209. coreadm -e log
/* Report global core */ 2005-03-22
210. grep “\-root” /var/adm/sulog | grep -v \+ | tail -25
/* List most recent attempts to switch to superuser account. */ 2005-03-22
211. isainfo -bv
/* Quickly checkout if machine is in 32 or 64 bit mode */ 2005-03-22
212. last
/* Tells who was or still is on the system */ 2005-03-22
213. logger -i
/* Log the process ID */ 2005-03-22
214. prtconf -pv | grep banner-name |awk -F\’ ‘ { print $2 } ‘ | head -1
/* Show actual model name of machine */ 2005-03-22
215. prtdiag -v
/* System Diagnostics */ 2007-02-21
216. prtpicl -v | grep wwn
/* A command to find persistent binding of storage */ 2006-06-20
217. psradm -f [processor id]
/* Take processor offline */ 2005-03-22
218. psrinfo | wc -l
/* Display number of processors */ 2005-03-22
219. sar -u
/* Report CPU Utilization */ 2005-03-22
220. sar [ -aA ] [ -o filename ] t [ n ]
/* Provides cumulative reports about system activity. */ 2005-03-22
221. telnet 13 | grep ‘:’
/* Get the time on remote Unix machine */ 2005-01-10
222. uname -a
/* Displays system information */ 2005-03-22
223. uname -X
/* Displays system information */ 2005-08-03
224. vmstat 10
/* Displays summary of what the system is doing every 10 seconds */ 2005-03-22
225. who -b
/* Displays the date of the last system reboot. */ 2005-03-22
226. ypcat hosts | sort -n -t. +0 -1 +1 -2 +2 -3 +3 -4
/* Take the input of “ypcat hosts” or “cat /etc/inet/hosts” and sort by IP. */ 2005-03-22

VNC

technotes — Tue, 13 Nov 2007 02:00:47 +0000

Monday, November 12, 2007

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Last Updated: 5/19/2005 12:46:25 AM
Original Creation Date: 3/27/2005 6:44:17 AM
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HOWTO - Linux VNCserver

By Erik Rodriguez

This article is a HOWTO for running VNCserver on Linux. These examples are specific to Red Hat Enterprise Linux, but should work on any type of Linux system.

What is VNCserver?

VNC stands for Virtual Network Computing. It was originally developed by AT&T as a way to administer machines without using the console. If you have used Windows Terminal Services (RDP), VNC will seem very familiar.

Why use VNCserver?

In Linux, everything can be done from a shell. However, there may be a time when you need to access the machine as if you were at the console.

Getting Started

You will need several things to get started:

root privledges
VNC client software (tightVNC, you can download it here.)
A good password!

As I mentioned above, this example is done with RHEL, which comes standard with VNCserver installed. To start the vncserver simply invoke the following commands:

[root@roswell etc]# service vncserver start Starting VNC server:                                       [  OK  ] [root@roswell etc]#  [root@roswell etc]# vncpasswd Password:  Verify:  [root@roswell etc]# [root@roswell etc]# vncserver  New 'roswell:1 (root)' desktop is roswell:1  Starting applications specified in /root/.vnc/xstartup Log file is /root/.vnc/roswell:1.log  [root@roswell etc]#

So what did we do there? First, we started the vncserver service. It may or may not have already been running on your system. Next we set a password to access the VNC desktop. When you set the password, you will not see any characters on the screen, and you must enter the password twice. You will only need to do this the very first time you run vncserver. The password will be saved in the Linux filesystem, and you can change it at any time by invoking the vncpasswd command again. Last, to activate the VNC desktop, we simply invoked the vncserver command. Notice the output; the desktop is named “roswell:1″ which can also be replaced via the machines IP address.

Connecting

Assuming you already installed TightVNC or another VNC client, enter the desktop name:

You can replace the server name with an IP address if you are logging in from outside your LAN. Remember, if you are using NAT port 5900 must be forwarded to your VNCserver.

Upon successful connection, you will be prompted for a password. You will then see a terminal screen that will allow you to execute commands:

VNCserver in Runlevel 5 (KDE or Gnome)

If you are new to linux, running VNC server with a terminal isn’t going to do you much good. You might want to have a menu-driven GUI like Windows. No problem. Follow these steps:

First, we are going to assume that VNCserver is running under the root user, as shown with the example above. For this example, I will be editing my VNCserver to enter Gnome. You can specify a KDE desktop if you have KDE installed on your server. Make sure you are in the root directory.

[root@roswell ~]# ls -a .                                   cacti-0.8.6c.tar.gz  .gnome2_private     .lftp                  queue.dat          temp ..                                  client.cfg           .gnupg              machinedependent.dat  .recently-used      Templates .config                             FAHlog-Prev.txt      .gstreamer-0.8      .metacity             .rhn-applet.cache  .themes .cshrc                              FAHlog.txt           .gtkrc              .mozilla              .rhn-applet.conf   .thumbnails .bash_history                       Desktop              .fonts.cache-1      .gtkrc-1.2-gnome2     .rnd               .Trash .bash_logout                        .dmrc                .gconf              .ICEauthority         .mysql_history      scripts .bash_profile                       .eggcups             .gconfd             .icons                .nautilus          .sh_history .viminfo                            .bashrc              .bashdevl           .esd_auth             .gnome              php-4.11 .ssh                                .vnc                  cacti-0.8.6c       .gnome2                install.log [root@roswell ~]# cd .vnc [root@roswell .vnc]# ls passwd         roswell:1.pid  roswell:2.pid  roswell:3.pid  roswell:4.pid  roswell:5.pid             roswell.area51.lan:1.pid roswell:1.log  roswell:2.log  roswell:3.log  roswell:4.log  roswell:5.log  roswell.area51.lan:1.log  roswell.area51.lan:2.log xstartup [root@roswell .vnc]# vi xstartup

Using vi (vim) to edit the xstartup file, make sure your file matches this one:

#!/bin/sh  # Uncomment the following two lines for normal desktop:  unset SESSION_MANAGER  exec /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc  [ -x /etc/vnc/xstartup ] && exec /etc/vnc/xstartup [ -r $HOME/.Xresources ] && xrdb $HOME/.Xresources xsetroot -solid grey vncconfig -iconic & xterm -geometry 80x24+10+10 -ls -title "$VNCDESKTOP Desktop" & startx &

Notice that the last line is “startx &” as this command will launch Gnome upon login via VNCserver. If you are using a KDE desktop, the line “startkde &” should replace the last line.

Logging in, you will be presented with a Gnome or KDE desktop.

Shown above is a Gnome desktop on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.

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<br /> <input type="hidden" name="redirect" value="http://www.skullbox.net/thankyou.php" /> <input type="hidden" name="env_report" value="REMOTE_HOST,HTTP_USER_AGENT" /><br /> <input type="submit" name="button" value="Send" /> </form> </td> </tr> </table> <p></center></p> <p><center><script type="text/javascript"></script><script src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js" type="text/javascript"> </script></center></p> <p></td> </tr> </table> <p></td> <td style="width: 161px" valign="top" align="right"> <table class="rightnavtable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="161" bgcolor="#999999" border="0"> <tr> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/netbux.php"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/sonet.php"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/xpmce.php"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/cluster.php"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/servercase.php"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/rhn.php"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/ioscheat.php"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/subnetcalculator.php"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/torrent.php"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/dslam.php"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/tcpudp.php"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/telnethack.php"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/gfi.php"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/linksys.php"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/xbox.php"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/cisco.php"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="priceDescription" align="center"></p> <table cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" align="center" border="0"> <tr> <td valign="top" align="center"></td> </tr> </table> <p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="height: 1px" bgcolor="#999999"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><center><script type="text/javascript"></script><script src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js" type="text/javascript"> </script></center></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <p></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%" border="0"> <tr> <td class="smallText" align="center"><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/" target="_blank"><font size="-3">Copyright</font></a> © 2002-2007 Skullbox.Net All Rights Reserved.<br /> A division of <font size="-3"><a href="http://www.orlandotechworks.com/" target="_blank">Orlando Tech Works, LLC</a></font><br /> By using this site you agree to its <a href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/tac.php"><font size="-3">Terms and Conditions</font></a>.<br /> Contact the <font size="-3"><script language="javascript"> </strong> </p> </article> <article> <h1>photography references</h1> <p>technotes — Sun, 12 Aug 2007 21:47:16 +0000</p> <p>While not a “course” per se, Luminous Landscape has a number of very good tutorials, techniques, understanding series, and essays. I highly recommend that you take a look at this site, http://luminous-landscape.com/. Thom Hogan also has some interesting articles, http://www.bythom.com/nikon.htm.<br /> Some other online sites you can checkout are,<br /> Short Courses, http://www.shortcourses.com/<br /> Cambridge In Color – tutorials, http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials.htm<br /> Digital Photography FAQ, http://www.cs.duke.edu/~parr/photography/faq.html.</p> <p>–<br /> Brooks</p> <p>http://photo-seminars.com/Campus.htm </p> </article> <article> <h1>D200 and SB-800 Wedding Shooting Settings</h1> <p>technotes — Thu, 19 Jul 2007 03:32:23 +0000</p> <p>D200 and SB-800 Wedding Shooting Settings</p> <p>Common notes:<br /> 1. I Shoot in JPEG , Large / fine for all the formals and church pics.<br /> At reception I change to medium / fine.<br /> I keep to fine because it is the least compression ratio of 1:4<br /> 2. I use the D200 body and SB-800,</p> <p class="justify">3. I keep the diffusion dome on all the times when indoors. I remove the diffusion dome outdoors when farther than 7 feet.</p> <p>4. Outdoors I keep flash head straight at subject.<br /> 5. Indoors I rotate the head up 1 click<br /> 6. I am using a Fotogenetic curve EV3 v.1 , adding + 1/3 exposure</p> <p class="justify">Try these settings. I find them very accurate, easy to use, and give repeatable excellent quality exposures and white balance.</p> <p>Scenario A. Outdoors with fill flash:<br /> 1. Matrix metering on camera</p> <p class="justify">Shutter priority. Set shutter speed to 1/250 sec. This is the sync speed of the D200.</p> <p>2. ISO beginning at 100 or 200, 250 if darker day<br /> 3. SB-800 on TTL BL. Exposure comp at 0 to begin with<br /> <br /> 4. White balance : “Flash” , 0 comp (No, I’m not crazy)</p> <p>Scenario B. Indoors with flash</p> <p>1. Change SB-800 to TTL<br /> 2 . Manual metering on camera. I use 1/80 or 1/100 second at<br /> f6.3<br /> I usually use ISO of 400 indoors<br /> 3. Don’t use too large an aperture. You want to nail focus<br /> during dancing and such.</p> <p>4. SB-800 Exposure comp at 0 to begin with (see note below).<br /> 5. White balance: Flash, +1 comp (very accurate white balance, try<br /> it)</p> <p class="justify">The SB-800 is adjusting its flash output by light reflecting back at the camera.</p> <p> With neutral subjects (clothing) leave flash exposure comp at 0.<br />  Brighter subject (bride) adjust up + 1/3 or + 2/3.</p> <p class="justify"> Darker subject (couple wearing black for example) adjust down – 1/3 or – 2/3</p> <p class="justify">You don’t want to overexpose with a flash shot. Learn to evaluate what the subjects are wearing and adjust up or down. If you learn this “zone” system of flash comp you can always get a very well exposed shot, very good consistency from picture to picture.</p> <p>Examples:<br />  Picture of just wedding cake + 2/3<br />  Picture of just bride + 2/3<br />  Picture if bride and brides maids wearing light colour dresses, + 1/3<br />  Picture of groom (dark suit) alone, - 1/3<br />  Picture groom and his guys in black tuxes, - 2/3<br />  Picture of bride and mom (wearing dark dress) “0”<br />  Picture of bride and mom (wearing light dress) + 1/3 to + 2/3</p> <p class="justify"> Picture of bride and groom cutting white cake + 2/3 with white table cloth</p> <p> Picture of dancing couple wearing black - 2/3</p> <p> Sam Stern</p> <p> <a class="forumsmessage" title="Click to open link in a new browser window" href="http://www.samjsternphotography.com/" target="_blank">http://www.samjsternphotography.com</a></p> <p>–<br /> Sam<br /> <a class="forumsmessage" title="Click to open link in a new browser window" href="http://www.samjsternphotography.com/" target="_blank">http://www.samjsternphotography.com</a> </p> </article> <article> <h1>Both these lenses have excellent sharpness between 100-250mm and 6.3 - 11</h1> <p>technotes — Fri, 15 Jun 2007 00:34:46 +0000</p> <p class="justify">I have both 70-300 ED and this new one. I got the VR model mainly for the better focus speed. The 70-300 sometime is irritatingly slow to obtain focus.</p> <p class="justify">Both these lenses have excellent sharpness between 100-250mm and 6.3 - 11. I have sold many pictures taken with my 70-300 ED.</p> </article> <article> <h1>http://www.tamba2.org.uk/wordpress/restore/</h1> <p>technotes — Tue, 27 Mar 2007 17:11:41 +0000</p> <div class="logo"> <h1 class="series">T U T O R I A L S E R I E S</h1> <h2 class="title">Restore your database</h2> </div> <div class="section3">WordPress 2.x.x uses a cache file. You <strong>MUST</strong> delete the cache or this will not appear to have worked.<br /> Delete everything in the <em>/wp-content/cache</em> directory before you upload the new files and before you do the following restore.</div> <div class="section2"> <h2 align="center">Where are you restoring to ?</h2> <p>Restoring could involve changing the backup file you have. To guard against damage, make a copy of it on your computer now.</p> <p>If you have moved to a new host and you have a new database, do Step <a href="#one">ONE</a></p> <p>If you are restoring into the same database, do Step <a href="#two">TWO</a></div> <div class="section"> <p id="one"><strong>Step ONE</strong></p> <p>All you need to do is create the database, nothing else. Remember that your <em>wp-config.php</em> file must have all the correct details in too or when you try your blog you will get an error. Go to Step THREE.</div> <div class="section2"> <p id="two"><strong>Step TWO</strong></p> <p>Restoring into your existing database means that you must first delete everything in there. PLEASE be sure that this really is a necessary step, and check that you really do have a full backup of your WordPress tables.<br /> There is no ‘undo’ function !!<br /> You need to DROP all WordPress tables in your database to make room for the restore.</p> <p align="center"></p> <p>You will then see</p> <p align="center"></p> <p>Click Yes IF YOU ARE SURE.<br /> Your database is now empty. Go to Step THREE</div> <div class="section"> <p id="three"><strong>Step THREE</strong></p> <p>The actual import.</p> <p>Click the name of your database, then the SQL tab</p> <p align="center"></p> </div> <div class="section2">There are 2 ways to get your data in:</p> <p align="center"></p> <p><strong>A</strong> - You can open the .sql file and paste the contents into the window <strong>OR</strong><br /> <strong>B</strong> - You can use that button to locate the file on your computer and upload it.<br /> <strong>READ THIS !</strong> If your .sql file is less than about 3meg in size, you will probably be fine with either method.<br /> If your .sql file is larger, you can try the upload but you may get timeout errors. This is NOT the fault of WordPress - it is a host setting. If you have your own server you can change the settings. If you cannot alter that, and you get timeouts, you will have to do the following;</p> <ol> <li>Open the .sql file in a text editor. Do NOT use a word-processor, or Dreamweaver or GoLive unless you REALLY know what you are doing - on a Windows machine WordPad is okay.</li> <li>You will see something similar to this at the top:<br /> <blockquote><p>– phpMyAdmin SQL Dump<br /> – version 2.6.1-pl2<br /> – http://www.phpmyadmin.net<br /> –<br /> – Host: localhost<br /> – Generation Time: Jun 24, 2005 at 05:14 PM<br /> – Server version: 4.0.24<br /> – PHP Version: 4.3.11<br /> –<br /> – Database: `tamba2_data`<br /> –<br /> CREATE DATABASE `tamba2_data`;<br /> USE tamba2_data;</p> <p>– ——————————————————–</p></blockquote> <p>Ignore all that. You do not need it.</li> <li>Everything else in that file needs copying and pasting into the SQL window. You highlight some text, copy it, paste it into the SQL window, click Go and after the Success message, you do it again with the next chunk of text.</li> <li>It can take a while, and you need to be careful that you miss no lines out.</li> </ol> <p align="center"></p> </div> <div class="section">If after moving everything you get a blank page when looking at your blog, check your themes. A faulty theme file will cause this blank page. Try changing themes or uploading a new theme then changing to it.</p> <p>If this does not help, check that all the WordPress files are present and are the correct size. Download a new set of WordPress files if needed and use your ftp client to do this.</div> <div class="section2">From experience, there are a number of things which can mess things up when restoring and while nothing is fatal to your data it’s very complicated to describe here.<br /> If you run into trouble, make a post to the <a href="http://wordpress.org/support/">Support Forums</a>. If you email me directly for help with this, I will NOT assist unless I have full access to complete the import - it is too long and complex to do any other way, including by IM.</div> </article> <article> <h1>RS232 Cables, Wiring and Pinouts</h1> <p>technotes — Tue, 20 Mar 2007 23:31:24 +0000</p> <h1>RS232 Cables, Wiring and Pinouts</h1> <h2>RS232 Wiring Stuff</h2> <p><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/cables/tech_rs232.htm#db9">http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/cables/tech_rs232.htm#db9</a></p> <p>RS232 standards are defined by EIA/TIA (Electronic Industries Alliance /Telecommunications Industry Association). RS232 defines both the physical and electrical characteristics of the interface. RS232 is practically identical to ITU V.24 (signal description and names) and V.28 (electrical). RS232 is an Active LOW voltage driven interface and operates at +12V to -12V where:</p> <blockquote><p>Signal = 0 (LOW) > +3.0V</p> <p>Signal = 1 (HIGH) < -3.0V</p></blockquote> <p><strong>Notes:</strong></p> <ol> <li>Signal voltages in the range >-3.0V to +3.0V is regarded as the ‘dead area’ and allows for absorption of noise. For more <a class="t-db" href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/heavy.htm">on the use of signals and other heavy stuff</a>.</li> <li>The power level on RS232 pins is defined by TIA in terms of short circuit protection to be 100mA. Most RS232 drivers will provide lower short circuit protection (especially for laptops). A max of 50mA PER PIN may be available but the data sheet for the specific interface/chip should be consulted before commiting to externally powered designs.</li> <li>We received an email recently pointing out some issues with NULL modem cables. The pinouts shown below will gnerally work. However there are many permutations of signal sets that can be used by either end of a connection and they may not be SYMMETRIC. One end may expect something (a signal) that the other end cannot generate. This typically happens with CTS/RTS (and perhaps DCD) and DTR/DSR. If you suspect this is the case then unfortunately you need to UNDERSTAND the interface and may have to SPOOF certain signals. Our <a class="t-db" href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/heavy.htm">signal primer</a> page may help you. Finally if you are having serious problems, splash out on a light box or some other device that will show you which signals are being activated.</li> <li>Watch the terms DTE (Data Terminal Equipment - a terminal or PC) and DCE (Data communications Equipment - for example, a modem) the meaning and use of certain pins may differ. All the diagrams below define the interface from the DTE perspective. An RS232 interface has a female and male connector, the male connector has the bits sticking out!!</li> <li>The terms Data Carrier Detect (DCD) and Received Line Signal Detect (RLSD) are one and the same. We use DCD throughout ‘cos we think it’s more common.</li> <li>Like most folks we use the term DB9 which is widely - but erroneously - used to describe a 9-pin serial connector. We got an email pointing out the error of our ways. So, if you want to amaze your friends over the dinner table you can <a class="t-db" href="#dbx">read more here and use the technically correct terms in the future</a>. While we get away with it most of the time (with common or garden PCs), sometimes it is essential to know EXACTLY what connector type you are talking about.</li> <li>RS-232-E is normally defined to be used with a DB25 connector, but does have a 26 pin (a much smaller connector) alternate . We suggest that if you come across one of these that you do the decent thing - use an expletive. Alternatively, with your luck, you could consider buying a lottery ticket.</li> <li>We have received a number of emails recently asking how to wire DB9’s using cat5(e) cable. We guess there is a lot of LAN cable lying around these days so folks naturally want to use it. We have added a <a class="t-db" href="#null-cat5">null modem only section</a> to cover this wiring. There is absolutely no standard to cover this form of wiring. This section is simply offered as one of many possible ways to do it.</li> </ol> <h4><a name="contents"></a>Contents</h4> <blockquote><p><a class="t-db" href="#db25">RS232 on DB25 Pinout (RS-232C)</a></p> <p><a class="t-db" href="#db9">RS232 on DB9 Pinout (EIA/TIA - 574)</a></p> <p><a class="t-db" href="#rj45">RS232 on RJ45 (RS-232D EIA/TIA-561)</a></p> <p><a class="t-db" href="#null_db25">RS232 DB25 NULL Modem Pinout</a></p> <p><a class="t-db" href="#null_db9">RS232 DB9 NULL Modem Pinout</a></p> <p><a class="t-db" href="#null-cat5">RS232 DB9 NULL Modem Pinout using Cat5(e)</a></p> <p><a class="t-db" href="#db9_db25">RS232 DB9 to DB25 Pinout</a></p> <p><a class="t-db" href="#null_db9_db25">RS232 DB9 to DB25 NULL Modem Pinout</a></p> <p><a class="t-db" href="#rs530">EIA/TIA RS-530-A (DB25 using RS-422, 423 and 485)</a></p> <p><a class="t-db" href="#v35">V.35 on a DB25</a></p> <p><a class="t-db" href="#dbx">DBx - Designations for D type sub-miniature connectors</a></p> <p><a class="t-db" href="#t1">T1/E1 Pinout (RJ-48C)</a></p></blockquote> <h2><a name="db25"></a>RS232 on DB25 (RS-232C)</h2> <p><a class="t-db" href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/heavy.htm">Signal/pin primer</a></p> <p><strong>Note:</strong> This is NOT the same as the DB25 <a class="t-db" href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/pc/printer.htm">Parallel port on a PC</a>.</p> <table class="p-m-s" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center" border="1"> <tr class="g-h-n" valign="top"> <td style="width: 50px"><strong>Pin No.</strong></td> <td style="width: 80px"><strong>Name</strong></td> <td>Notes/Description</td> <td style="width: 50px"><strong>Pin No.</strong></td> <td style="width: 80px"><strong>Name</strong></td> <td>Notes/Description</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>-</td> <td>Protective/shielded ground</td> <td>14</td> <td>STD</td> <td>Secondary Transmit Data</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>TD</td> <td>Transmit Data (a.k.a TxD, Tx)</td> <td>15</td> <td>DB</td> <td>Transmit Clock (a.k.a TCLK, TxCLK)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>RD</td> <td>Receive Data (a.k.a RxD, Rx)</td> <td>16</td> <td>SRD</td> <td>Secondary Receive Data</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>RTS</td> <td>Request To Send</td> <td>17</td> <td>DD</td> <td>Receive Clock (a.k.a. RCLK)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>CTS</td> <td>Clear To Send</td> <td>18</td> <td>LL</td> <td>Local Loopback</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>DSR</td> <td>Data Set Ready</td> <td>19</td> <td>SRTS</td> <td>Secondary Request to Send</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>SGND</td> <td>Signal Ground</td> <td>20</td> <td>DTR</td> <td>Data Terminal Ready</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>CD</td> <td>Carrier Detect (a.k.a DCD)</td> <td>21</td> <td>RL/SQ</td> <td>Signal Quality Detector/Remote loopback</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>-</td> <td>Reserved for data set testing</td> <td>22</td> <td>RI</td> <td>Ring Indicator (DCE raises when incoming call detected used for auto answer applications)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>-</td> <td>Reserved for data set testing</td> <td>23</td> <td>CH/CI</td> <td>Signal Rate selector</td> </tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>-</td> <td>Unassigned</td> <td>24</td> <td>DA</td> <td>Auxiliary Clock (a.k.a. ACLK)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>SDCD</td> <td>Secondary Carrier Detect</td> <td>25</td> <td>-</td> <td>Unassigned</td> </tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>SCTS</td> <td>Secondary Clear to send</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> </tr> </table> <p><strong>NOTE:</strong> Leave all pins not specified above unconnected.</p> <p align="center"></p> <p align="center"><strong>view - looking into male connector</strong></p> <p><a href="#contents"></a></p> <h2><a name="db9"></a>RS232 on DB9 (EIA/TIA 574)</h2> <p><a class="t-db" href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/heavy.htm">Signal/pin primer</a></p> <table class="p-m-n" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center" border="1"> <tr class="g-h-s" valign="top"> <td style="width: 50px"><strong>Pin No.</strong></td> <td style="width: 80px"><strong>Name</strong></td> <td><strong>Notes/Description</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>DCD</td> <td>Data Carrier Detect</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>RD</td> <td>Receive Data (a.k.a RxD, Rx)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>TD</td> <td>Transmit Data (a.k.a TxD, Tx)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>DTR</td> <td>Data Terminal Ready</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>SGND</td> <td>Ground</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>DSR</td> <td>Data Set Ready</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>RTS</td> <td>Request To Send</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>CTS</td> <td>Clear To Send</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>RI</td> <td>Ring Indicator</td> </tr> </table> <p align="center"></p> <p align="center"><strong>View - looking into male connector</strong></p> <p><a href="#contents"></a></p> <h2><a name="rj45"></a>RS232 on RJ45 (RS-232D)</h2> <p>More properly EIA/TIA - 561. Use when connecting to or from a serial port with a 8 position Modular Jack (RJ45). If you are cross-connecting from a DB9 or a DB25 use the signal names to cross connect the appropriate connections.</p> <p><a class="t-db" href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/heavy.htm">Signal/pin primer</a></p> <table class="p-m-n" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center" border="1"> <tr class="g-h-s" valign="top"> <td style="width: 50px"><strong>Pin No.</strong></td> <td style="width: 80px"><strong>Name</strong></td> <td><strong>Notes/Description</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>DSR/RI</td> <td>Data set Ready/ring indicator</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>DCD</td> <td>Data Carrier Detect</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>DTR</td> <td>Data Terminal Ready</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>SGND</td> <td>Signal Ground</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>RD</td> <td>Receive Data</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>TD</td> <td>Transmit Data</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>CTS</td> <td>Clear to Send</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>RTS</td> <td>Request to Send</td> </tr> </table> <p><strong>Note:</strong> Pin 1 is a multi-function pin sharing with DSR (Data Set Ready) and RI (Ring Indicator). This means it is impossible to differentiate between a incoming ring signal and when the modem has finally connected and synched up. With local (null modem connections) or if the modem is run in auto-answer mode this is not normally a problem. If used with a modem and the DTE (the computer end) wants to control the connection the problem is more real. DSR would normally indicate the ‘connected and synched-up’ state following DTR from the DTE. DCD will indicate that a carrier has been received but does not indicate synchronization of both ends. In most cases however CTS (Clear To Send) in response to RTS (Request To Send) will not normally be returned until an end-to-end connection is available.</p> <p align="center"></p> <p align="center"><strong>RJ45 Male Connector Pin Numbering</strong></p> <p><a href="#contents"></a></p> <h2><a name="null_db25"></a>RS232 DB25 NULL Modem Pinout</h2> <p>Use when connecting two systems (e.g. PCs) via their DB25 interfaces without a modem (i.e. back-to-back). See the full signal names in the <a class="t-db" href="#db25">DB25</a> sections.</p> <p>If this pinout does not work for you then you could try our <a class="t-db" href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/heavy.htm">Signal/pin primer</a> because you may need to SPOOF connections.</p> <p><strong>Note:</strong> This DB25 is NOT the same as the DB25 Parallel port on a PC which is <a class="t-db" href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/pc/printer.htm">defined here</a>.</p> <table class="p-m-n" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center" border="1"> <tr class="g-h-s" valign="top"> <td style="width: 50px"><strong>DB25</strong></td> <td style="width: 80px"><strong>Signal</strong></td> <td style="width: 50px"><strong>DB25</strong></td> <td style="width: 80px"><strong>Signal</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>RD</td> <td>2</td> <td>TD</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>TD</td> <td>3</td> <td>RD</td> </tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>DTR</td> <td>6,8</td> <td>DSR, DCD</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6,8</td> <td>DSR, DCD</td> <td>20</td> <td>DTR</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>RTS</td> <td>5</td> <td>CTS</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>CTS</td> <td>4</td> <td>RTS</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>SGND</td> <td>7</td> <td>SGND</td> </tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td>RI</td> <td>22</td> <td>RI</td> </tr> </table> <p align="center"></p> <p align="center">View - looking into male connector</p> <p><strong>NOTE:</strong></p> <ol> <li>Leave all pins not specified above unconnected.</li> <li>We have received email suggesting that the above pinout looks like DTR from one side is driving into DSR/DCD on the other side - not normally a healthy situation. The emails miss the point that since both ends are DTEs NEITHER should be attempting to drive the DSR/DCD signals. They are essentialy RX only signals on both sides.</li> </ol> <p><a href="#contents"></a></p> <h2><a name="null_db9"></a>RS232 DB9 NULL Modem Pinout</h2> <p>Use when connecting two systems (e.g. PCs) via their DB9 interfaces without a modem (i.e. back-to-back). See the full signal names in the <a class="t-db" href="#db9">DB9</a> section.</p> <p>If this pinout does not work for you then you could try our <a class="t-db" href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/heavy.htm">Signal/pin primer</a> because you may need to SPOOF connections.</p> <table class="p-m-n" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center" border="1"> <tr class="g-h-s" valign="top"> <td style="width: 50px"><strong>DB9</strong></td> <td style="width: 80px"><strong>Signal</strong></td> <td style="width: 50px"><strong>DB9</strong></td> <td style="width: 80px"><strong>Signal</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>RD</td> <td>3</td> <td>TD</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>TD</td> <td>2</td> <td>RD</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>DTR</td> <td>6,1</td> <td>DSR, DCD</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6,1</td> <td>DSR, DCD</td> <td>4</td> <td>DTR</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>RTS</td> <td>8</td> <td>CTS</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>CTS</td> <td>7</td> <td>RTS</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>SGND</td> <td>5</td> <td>SGND</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>RI</td> <td>9</td> <td>RI</td> </tr> </table> <p align="center"></p> <p align="center"><strong>View - looking into male connector</strong></p> <p><strong>NOTE:</strong></p> <ol> <li>We have received email suggesting that the above pinout looks like DTR from one side is driving into DSR/DCD on the other side - not normally a healthy situation. The emails miss the point that since both ends are DTEs NEITHER should be attempting to drive the DSR/DCD signals. They are essentialy RX only signals on both sides.</li> </ol> <p><a href="#contents"></a></p> <h2><a name="null-cat5"></a>RS232 DB9 NULL Modem Pinout on CAT5</h2> <p>This is in response to a number of recent emails asking how to wire both ends of a DB9 connection using cat5(e) cable. This must not be confused with <a class="t-db" href="#rj45">DB9 to RJ45 (RS232D)</a>. We have shown a null modem (back-to-back PCs) only configuration. And if you want to use cat5(e) with a real modem (a DB25 connector)? Our advice - don’t.</p> <p><strong>Warning:</strong>. There is, as far as we know, no standard to cover the use of cat5(e) (8 conductor) wiring when used with two DB9 connectors. Any such wiring scheme is therefore non-standard - that includes the wiring scheme below. Specifically this means that both ends of the cable must be wired in the same way and that no assumptions can be made about how the other end is wired. You will have to manually inspect both ends of the connection. Damage can result from mis-matched wiring.</p> <p>A DB9 clearly has 9 connections and a cat5(e) cable has 8 conductors. <a class="t-db" href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/rj45">RS232D</a> has chosen to use Pin 1 as a multi-function pin (DSR/RI) to provide maximum flexibility with modems - in particular it allows for DCD which is a meaningful signal from a modem but not we suggest from a peer PC. We have chosen to use a minor variation on the normal DB9 Null modem pinout above - specifically we have allowed for RI which could be used from a peer PC to commence a transmission sequence. The actual colors are unimportant but the suggested configuration is one way to provide the shortest use of the adjacent (twisted) pairs.</p> <p>If this pinout does not work for you then you could try our <a class="t-db" href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/heavy.htm">Signal/pin primer</a> because you may need to SPOOF connections.</p> <table class="p-m-n" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center" border="1"> <tr class="g-h-s" valign="top"> <td colspan="3">PC1 Peer</td> <td colspan="3">PC2 Peer</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>RD</td> <td>Brown</td> <td>3</td> <td>TD</td> <td>Blue</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>TD</td> <td>Blue</td> <td>2</td> <td>RD</td> <td>Brown</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>DTR</td> <td>Green</td> <td>6,1</td> <td>DSR, DCD</td> <td>Brown-white</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6,1</td> <td>DSR, DCD</td> <td>Brown-white</td> <td>4</td> <td>DTR</td> <td>Green</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>RTS</td> <td>Blue-white</td> <td>8</td> <td>CTS</td> <td>Green-white</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>CTS</td> <td>Green-white</td> <td>7</td> <td>RTS</td> <td>Blue-white</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>SGND</td> <td>Orange</td> <td>5</td> <td>SGND</td> <td>Orange</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>RI</td> <td>Orange-white</td> <td>9</td> <td>RI</td> <td>Orange-white</td> </tr> </table> <p align="center"></p> <p align="center"><strong>View - looking into male connector</strong></p> <p><strong>NOTE:</strong></p> <ol> <li>We have received email suggesting that the above pinout looks like DTR from one side is driving into DSR/DCD on the other side - not normally a healthy situation. The emails miss the point that since both ends are DTEs NEITHER should be attempting to drive the DSR/DCD signals. They are essentialy RX only signals on both sides.</li> </ol> <p><a href="#contents"></a></p> <h2><a name="db9_db25"></a>RS232 DB9 to DB25 Pinout</h2> <p>Use when connecting a DB9 (e.g. a PC) to a DB25 (e.g. a modem) interface. See the full signal names in the <a class="t-db" href="#db9">DB9</a> and <a class="t-db" href="#db25">DB25</a> section.</p> <p><a class="t-db" href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/heavy.htm">Signal/pin primer</a></p> <table class="p-m-n" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center" border="1"> <tr class="g-h-s" valign="top"> <td style="width: 50px"><strong>DB9</strong></td> <td style="width: 80px"><strong>Signal</strong></td> <td style="width: 50px"><strong>DB25</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>DCD</td> <td>8</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>RD</td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>TD</td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>DTR</td> <td>20</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>SGND</td> <td>7</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>DSR</td> <td>6</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>RTS</td> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>CTS</td> <td>5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>RI</td> <td>22</td> </tr> </table> <p align="center"></p> <p align="center"><strong>View - looking into male connector</strong></p> <p align="center"></p> <p align="center">View - looking into male connector</p> <p><strong>NOTE:</strong> Leave all pins not specified above unconnected.</p> <p><a href="#contents"></a></p> <h2><a name="null_db9_db25"></a>RS232 DB9 to DB25 NULL Modem Pinout</h2> <p>Use when connecting two systems (e.g. PCs) when one has a DB9 interface and the other a DB25 interface without a modem (i.e. back-to-back). See the full signal names in the <a class="t-db" href="#db9">DB9</a> and <a class="t-db" href="#db25">DB25</a> sections.</p> <p><a class="t-db" href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/heavy.htm">Signal/pin primer</a></p> <table class="p-m-n" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center" border="1"> <tr class="g-h-s" valign="top"> <td style="width: 50px"><strong>DB9</strong></td> <td style="width: 80px"><strong>Signal</strong></td> <td style="width: 50px"><strong>DB25</strong></td> <td style="width: 80px"><strong>Signal</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>RD</td> <td>2</td> <td>TD</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>TD</td> <td>3</td> <td>RD</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>DTR</td> <td>6,8</td> <td>DSR, DCD</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6,1</td> <td>DSR, DCD</td> <td>20</td> <td>DTR</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>RTS</td> <td>5</td> <td>CTS</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>CTS</td> <td>4</td> <td>RTS</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>SGND</td> <td>7</td> <td>SGND</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>RI</td> <td>22</td> <td>RI</td> </tr> </table> <p align="center"></p> <p align="center"><strong>View - looking into male connector</strong></p> <p align="center"></p> <p align="center">View - looking into male connector</p> <p><strong>NOTE:</strong> Leave all pins not specified above unconnected.</p> <p><a href="#contents"></a></p> <h2><a name="rs530"></a>EIA/TIA RS-530-A (DB25)</h2> <p>RS 530-A defines the pinout when using either <a class="t-db" href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/heavy.htm#balanced">balanced</a> RS-422 (and RS-485) or <a class="t-db" href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/heavy.htm#balanced">unbalanced</a> RS-423 electrical interfaces using a DB25 connector. By using a DB25 connector RS-530 is now frequently used to replace many older standards which defined hideously huge connectors such <a class="t-db" href="#v35">V.35.</a> (used a whopping 35 pin connector) and RS-449 (used a pretty serious 37 pin connector).</p> <h2><a name="v35"></a>V.35 on DB25 (RS-530-A)</h2> <p>The original V.35 specification defined use of <a class="t-db" href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/heavy.htm#balanced">balanced signals</a> over a huge 37 pin connector. V.35 itself has been obsolete for years (replaced with V.10 and V.11) though the termin is frequently used. Most modern systems that call themselves V.35 use a DB25 connector which has more modest dimensions. The A (+) and B (-) below refer to each signal pair used in <a class="t-db" href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/heavy.htm#balanced">balanced serial interfaces</a>. When used with RS-423 (unbalanced) the B (-) are tied to a common ground. Signals marked U under Bal/Ubal are not balanced since they typically change very infrequently (for example once per session) and therefore do not affect TX/RX performance sensitivity - hence speed. <strong>BEWARE:</strong> RS-530 (without the A suffix) is an earlier standard and is wired differently. This is the 530-A pinout spec.</p> <p><a class="t-db" href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/heavy.htm">Signal/pin primer</a></p> <table class="p-m-s" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center" border="1"> <tr class="g-h-n" valign="top"> <td style="width: 50px">Pin No.</td> <td>Name</td> <td>Bal/Ubal</td> <td>Notes/Description</td> </tr> </table> <p><strong>NOTES:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Leave any pins not specified above unconnected.</li> <li>In balanced mode signals with the same name are the paired set, for example, pins 2 and 14 are both named BA and form the Transmit Data pair. Each signal of the pair is either a high (A+) or low (B-)</li> <li>When used with RS-485 in half-duplex, multi-dropped environments a simple three signal arrangements is frequently used - one pin is used as a GND and RX/TX is alternately switched onto a balanced pair of wires which can be either the BA (TX) or BB (RX) pair.</li> </ul> <p align="center"></p> <p align="center"><strong>View - looking into male connector</strong></p> <p><a href="#contents"></a></p> <h2><a name="dbx"></a>DB - Designations for D-subminiature Connectors</h2> <p>This lists the designations for DB connectors (supplied by Rob Recny - Thanks). Any errors in this list are ours not Rob’s.</p> <ul> <li>A - 15-pin 2-row joystick connector.</li> <li>B - 25-pin 2-row serial or parallel connector - also 44-pin high-density 3-row.</li> <li>C - 37-pin connector - sometimes found on multi-port serial or data acquisition boards.</li> <li>D - 50-pin connector - a little longer than C, but three rows using the same pins as the 2-row connectors.</li> <li>E - 9-pin 2-row serial - also 3-row VGA.</li> </ul> <p>So a DB9 is more properly a DE-9P. Isn’t knowledge a wonderful thing!</p> <p><a href="#contents"></a></p> <h2><a name="t1"></a>T1/E1 Pinout (RJ-48C)</h2> <p>T1/E1 wiring may use either a RJ45, DB15 or BNC connectors. The pinout shown uses RJ45 connectors and is known as USOC RJ-48C. T1 is a North America (primarily) digital service providing 1.544 Mbps. E1 is a European/Rest of World standard providing digital service at 2.048 Mbps. CATegory 5(e) cabling is used to provide balanced pairs. The color coding for Cat 5(e) cabling may be <a class="t-db" href="http://technotes.aarthis.com/tech_lan.htm#color">568A or 568B</a>.</p> <table class="p-m-n" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center" border="1"> <tr class="g-h-s" valign="top"> <td style="width: 80px">RJ45 Pin</td> <td style="width: 80px">Signal</td> <td>Notes</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>RX1</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>RX2</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>FGND</td> <td>Ground/Shield</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>TX1</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>TX2</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>FGND</td> <td>Ground/Shield</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>NC</td> <td>Unused</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>NC</td> <td>Unused</td> </tr> </table> <p><strong>NOTE:</strong> NC = Not connected. </p> </article> <article> <h1>Some exposure basics</h1> <p>technotes — Sun, 12 Nov 2006 08:51:36 +0000</p> <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" size="3"><a href="http://www.fredparker.com/ultexp1.htm">http://www.fredparker.com/ultexp1.htm</a><a href="http://www.fredparker.com/" /></font></p> <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" size="3"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" /><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" size="3"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" /></font></font></font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" size="3"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" size="3"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica"> </p> <p></font></font> </p> <p></font></font> </p> </article> <article> <h1>Some photographic Magazine Links</h1> <p>technotes — Sat, 11 Nov 2006 12:59:56 +0000</p> <p> </p> <p><a class="forumsmessage" title="Click to open link in a new browser window" href="http://www.ourcapital.ca/" target="_blank"><font color="#0000dd">http://www.ourcapital.ca</font></a><br /> <a class="forumsmessage" title="Click to open link in a new browser window" href="http://www.zoozoom.com/" target="_blank">http://www.zoozoom.com/</a><br /> <a class="forumsmessage" title="Click to open link in a new browser window" href="http://www.zinkmag.com/" target="_blank">http://www.zinkmag.com/</a><br /> <a class="forumsmessage" title="Click to open link in a new browser window" href="http://www.myspace.com/35mmmagazine" target="_blank">http://www.myspace.com/35mmmagazine</a><br /> <a class="forumsmessage" title="Click to open link in a new browser window" href="http://www.visionaireworld.com/v2/fla_site/site.html" target="_blank">http://www.visionaireworld.com/v2/fla_site/site.html</a><br /> <a class="forumsmessage" title="Click to open link in a new browser window" href="http://magazine.tigermagazine.org/" target="_blank">http://magazine.tigermagazine.org/</a><br /> <a class="forumsmessage" title="Click to open link in a new browser window" href="http://www.sunny16.ca/" target="_blank">http://www.sunny16.ca/</a><br /> <a class="forumsmessage" title="Click to open link in a new browser window" href="http://www.betterphoto.com/galleryTOCDynoSub.asp?cat=541" target="_blank">http://www.betterphoto.com/galleryTOCDynoSub.asp?cat=541</a><br /> <a class="forumsmessage" title="Click to open link in a new browser window" href="http://www.selfservicemagazine.com/" target="_blank">http://www.selfservicemagazine.com/</a><br /> <a class="forumsmessage" title="Click to open link in a new browser window" href="http://www.eccentris.com/splash.htm" target="_blank">http://www.eccentris.com/splash.htm</a><br /> <a class="forumsmessage" title="Click to open link in a new browser window" href="http://www.portfoliocatalogue.com/" target="_blank">http://www.portfoliocatalogue.com/</a> ( I subscribe too this )<br /> <a class="forumsmessage" title="Click to open link in a new browser window" href="http://www.photoworksuk.org/index.htm" target="_blank">http://www.photoworksuk.org/index.htm</a> ( I have a few issues )<br /> <a class="forumsmessage" title="Click to open link in a new browser window" href="http://www.urban75.org/photos/" target="_blank">http://www.urban75.org/photos/</a><br /> <a class="forumsmessage" title="Click to open link in a new browser window" href="http://www.photoarts.com/" target="_blank">http://www.photoarts.com/</a><br /> <a class="forumsmessage" title="Click to open link in a new browser window" href="http://www.time.com/time/photoessays/index.html" target="_blank">http://www.time.com/time/photoessays/index.html</a><br /> <a class="forumsmessage" title="Click to open link in a new browser window" href="http://www.lumiere.com/" target="_blank">http://www.lumiere.com/</a><br /> <a class="forumsmessage" title="Click to open link in a new browser window" href="http://www.intothestorm.com/" target="_blank">http://www.intothestorm.com/</a><br /> <a class="forumsmessage" title="Click to open link in a new browser window" href="http://www.european-photography.com/" target="_blank">http://www.european-photography.com/</a><br /> <a class="forumsmessage" title="Click to open link in a new browser window" href="http://www.fiftycrows.org/" target="_blank">http://www.fiftycrows.org/</a><br /> <a class="forumsmessage" title="Click to open link in a new browser window" href="http://cds.aas.duke.edu/" target="_blank">http://cds.aas.duke.edu/</a><br /> <a class="forumsmessage" title="Click to open link in a new browser window" href="http://www.bigmagazine.com/home.htm" target="_blank">http://www.bigmagazine.com/home.htm</a><br /> <a class="forumsmessage" title="Click to open link in a new browser window" href="http://www.aperture.org/store/default.aspx" target="_blank">http://www.aperture.org/store/default.aspx</a><br /> <a class="forumsmessage" title="Click to open link in a new browser window" href="http://www.anothermag.com/" target="_blank">http://www.anothermag.com/</a><br /> <a class="forumsmessage" title="Click to open link in a new browser window" href="http://www.dresslab.com/" target="_blank">http://www.dresslab.com/</a><br /> </p> </article> </main></body></html>